Our foray into causal analysis is not yet complete. Until we define the methods of causal inference, we can't get to the deeper insights that causal analysis can provide. This article details many of ...

Causal inference in observational settings seeks to estimate the effect of exposures, treatments or interventions on outcomes in the absence of random assignment. Unlike experimental designs, ...

A study on high-concurrency payment systems proposes a distributed architecture with layered consistency control to ...

In the article that accompanies this editorial, Lu et al 5 conducted a systematic review on the use of instrumental variable (IV) methods in oncology comparative effectiveness research. The main ...

The aim of this research therefore was to streamline the understanding of typical causal structures in both randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials in oncology, presenting concise guidelines for ...

Resources for observational comparative research have expanded enormously in recent years to include very large sources of ...

Which of temperature or food is more important for the richness of deep-sea animals? Dr Moriaki YASUHARA from the School of Biological Sciences, the Research Division for Ecology & Biodiversity, and ...

This paper describes threats to making valid causal inferences about pandemic impacts on student learning based on cross-year comparisons of average test scores. The paper uses Spring 2021 test score ...

We know that correlation does not imply causation, but careful analyses of correlations are often our only way to quantify cause and effect in domains ranging from healthcare to education. This ...